Botany Lab report Answers

Why should only lens paper be used to clean the microscope?

The microscope lens scratch easy and the lens paper gently cleans it without damage

What is the function of the condenser?

It concentrates light in the plane of the object viewed

What is resolution?

The capacity of the microscope to seperate tiny, closely adjacent objects

Where should an adjustable condenser be set for a maximum resolution?

Turn the knob so that the top lens of the condenser us as close to the stage as it'll go, then back off no more than a millimeter

What is the function of the iris diagram?

It regulates the amount of light passing through an object

What happens to the light intesity as the magnification is increased?

It gets darker

What happens to the light intensity as the magnification is decreased?

It gets lighter

What happens to the actual amount of field vision when magnification is increased?

It is decreased

The greater the magnification the ____ the depth of field

less

How many layers of cells are there in an Elodea leaf?

Two

How should a coverslip be applied to a drop of liquid on a microscope slide?

Dip one edge in the water drop, the slowly lower

When chloroplasts appear to be moving within a living cell, what is the cause of thir movement called?

Cyclosis or cytoplasmic streaming

In most living cells, such as those of the Elodea, where is the cytoplasm located? How extensive are plant cell vacuoles?

Cytoplasm is confined to the walla and may even extend across the vacuoles. (& in plasma membrane)

What cytoplasmic bridges?

Thin strands of cytoplasm

What parts of cells are normally visible with the aid of a compound microscope?

Cytoplasm, nuclei, vacuoles, chloroplasts

If present in a cell, where are anthocyanin pigments located?

Pink staining in cell vacuoles

How are amyloplasts distinguished from parenchyma cells in a potato?

Can use stain to distinguish, amloplasts are colorless after staining

What are striae, and where are they located in a spiderwort stamen hair cell?

Lines on the surface of each cell

How does chromoplasts differ from a chloroplast?

Chromoplasts are much smaller and red/orange in color

In what part of the cell are chloroplasts located?

Cytoplasm, the wall, across vacuoles, and in the plasma membrane

What is cyclosis?

The movement of chloroplasts and cytoplasm

What is a vacuole?

Flexible bag of watery fluid, a wetery sac

What is the thin boundary of the vacuole called?

Vacuolar membrane

Is the vacuolar membrane visible?

No

Where would you look for the nucleus in an Elodea cell?

Against the cell wall

Anthocynanin pigments and chromoplasts may both be red in color, how would you distinguish b/w the two if they were both present in the cell

Anthocyanin pigments are in the vacuoles

How can you tell a potato amyloplast from a cell?

Colorless w/ faint concentric lines formed by deposits of starch w/ in them

Specifically, where do starch grains develop?

In amyloplasts

Where would you expect to find the nucleolus?

W/ in the nucleus

With which specific region of the roots is this exercise concerned?

Region of maturation

In which tissues do the root hairs originate?

Epidermal cell

In which tissues do the lateral roots originate?

Pericycle

What evidence of the food-storage function of cortex is present in buttercup (Ranunculus) roots?

Extensive tissue w/ starch grains interior to the epidermis

Which tissue surrounds and borders the stele of a dicot root?

Endodermis

Which tissue comprise the stele?

Vascular tissue

What is the function of the vascular cambium?

Producing secondary xylem and phloem

What term is used to describe the bands of fatty substances that are found on the inner surfaces of the endodermal cell walls?

Suberin or casparian strips

Is a pith present in all roots?

No

What roots is a pith present in?

Monocot

As lateral roots develop inside a primary root, through which tissues must they grow to reach the surface?

The endodermis (next to the pericycle from which its formed) and the cortec and epidermis

From which tissue do lateral roots arise?

Pericycle

B/w which tissues is the vascular cambium located?

primary xylem and primary phloem

Which tissues of stems are not present in dicot roots?

Pith

In which tissue are root hairs to be found?

Epidermal

Which tissue is immediately adjacent to the endodermis on the side toward the center?

Pericycle

In which region of the root does differntiation of cells into various cell types take place?

Maturation

What is present in cells of the cortex the gives evidence of its function as a food-storage tissue?

Extensive tissue e/ starch grain

Of what fatty substance are Casparian strips composed?

Suberin

What tissue produces cells that add to the girth (diameter) of the root?

Vascular cambium

What water-conducting tissue is present in the center of a dicot root?

Primary xylem

What protects the buds of dormant twigs?

Bud scales

What are bundle scars?

Small scar left by a vascular bundle w/ in a leaf scar when the leaf separates from its stem through abscission

Where are axillary buds located?

In the axil

What structures are associated with gas exchange are found throughout stem internodes?

Lenticel

What is the difference b/w bud scale scar and leaf scar

Bud scale-terminal buds leave these scars when they fall off in spring, used to tell age
Leaf scar-left on twig when leaf separates from it

Which tissue separates cortex from pith in an older alfalfa stem? What is the function of this tissue?

Vascular cambium, create secondary xylem and phloem

What is the primary function of the cortex and pith?

storing food and sometimes manufactoring it

Which tissue conducts water and minerals in solution?

Xylem

Which two tissues are produced by the cork cambium

Cork and phelloderm

Which two tissues are produced by the vascular cambium?

Secondary xylem and phloem

In which tissues of the linden (basswood) stem are fiber cells conspicuous?

Phloem

Of what kinds of cells is an snnual ring of xylem composed?

vessels and tracheids

What is the term applied to stem parenchyma tissue that is not separated into cortex and pith?

Fundamental tissue

What are the small bumps of parenchyma tissue on the surface of the internodes called?

Lenticels

How is a bundle scar formed?

When terminal buds fall off in spring

What is the function of the lenticel?

Gas exchange

Which of the stems in this exercise has the most complex phloem?

basswood

In addition to cork, what tissue is usually produced by the cork cambium?

Phelloderm

How are the vascular bundles arranged in a monocot stem?

Scattered throughout the stem

Which of the stems featured in this lab is/are not dicot?

Corn

How does a compound leaf differ from a simple leaf?

Compound-divided into various leaflets
Simple-single blade

What fatty of waxy subtance present on the outer walls of leaf epidermal cells is pften lost in the preparation of slides?

Cuticle

When you view a cross section of a lead with the upper epidermis at the top, where is the phloem located in a vien?

Lower section

Which of the larger organelles are most abundant in palisade mesophyll cell?

Chloroplasts

What specific tissue marks the outer boundary of transfusion tissue in a pine leaf?

Endodermis

Which tissue lies b/w the epidermis and the endodermis in a pine leaf?

Mesophyll

Where are the resin canals located in a pine leaf?

In the mesophyll

What is the function of resin canals?

Serve as tubular duct secreting resin

What are sunken stomata?

Stomata that are sunken or pushed into the epidermis

With which types of plants are sunken stomata associated with?

Desert plants and pines

What is the function of the hypodermis?

Gives support and rigidity to the pine leaf and some protection

Where is the hypodermis located?

Beneath the epidermis

Aprat from shape and size, how do guard cells differ from the epidermal cells that surround them?

Contain chloroplasts

What are stipules?

Pair of leaflike, scale-like, or thorn-like appendages

What is the fatty or waxy substance that coats a leaf epidermis called?

Cuticle

What tissue composed of thick-walled cells is found just beneath the epidermis of a pine?

Hypodermis

In prepared slides of lilac leaves, why are some veins visible in cross sections while others are visible in longitudinal section?

B/c veins run in various directions and at various angles

Which tissue of pine leaves differs from that of lilac leaves in its not being divided into two distinguishable layers?

Mesophyll

Of what two tissues are leaf viens primarily composed?

Xylem and phloem

Where are stomata generally most abundant in the majority of leaves?

Lower epidermis

Which layer of mesophyll is closest to the upper epidermis of a leaf?

palisade

In which kind of lead would you expect to find resin canals?

Pine leaves

The two cells that form and surround a stoma are known as what?

Guard cells